Copper Oxide Nanoparticles – Silver Nanoparticles Antimicrobial,Copper Oxide Nanoparticles,Gold Nanopowder

February 24, 2016February 25, 2016

Interesting Copper nanoparticles

Copper nanoparticle synthesis has been gaining attention due to its availability. However, factors such as agglomeration and rapid oxidation have made it a difficult research area. Pure copper nanoparticles were prepared in the presence of a chitosan stabilizer through chemical means. The purity of the nanoparticles was authenticated using different characterization techniques, including ultraviolet visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The antibacterial as well as antifungal activity of the nanoparticles were investigated using several microorganisms of interest, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella choleraesuis, and Candida albicans. The effect of a chitosan medium on growth of the microorganism was studied, and this was found to influence growth rate. The size of the copper nanoparticles obtained was in the range of 2–350 nm, depending on the concentration of the chitosan stabilizer.
Copper nanoparticles are very interesting, not only because they show unique nanoscale phenomena like plasmonic absorption and high surface to volume ratio, but also due to useful properties like antibacterial and fungicidal activity. Copper nanoparticles and metal oxide nanoparticles of copper have widespread commercial presence, especially as fungicides. Copper fungicides are extremely effective against certain species of fungi that are common agricultural pathogens. Copper nanoparticles show good to great antimicrobial property against many pathogenic microbes and also used as a commercial antimicrobial agent. Liquid copper dispersions are used as an antimicrobial spray or to prepare antimicrobial surfaces. Other copper nanoparticle applications include conductive ink, chemical sensors, bio sensors etc. Some of these applications may be difficult for you to reproduce at home.
In acidic conditions, copper metal (Cu) in the anode (copper rod attached to the positive wire of the power supply) oxidizes (loses electrons) to form copper ions (Cu+2). These copper ions are released to the solution and will slowly travel towards the cathode (copper rod attached to the negative wire of the power supply). At the cathode, these copper ions will gain electrons and reduces back to copper metal, leaving a metal deposit on the cathode side. This is the main concept behind, electrodeposition.
However, our system is bit different. We have ascorbic acid; a reducing agent (chemical that can donate electrons to induce reduction) in our solution. Also we heat up the solution to spice things up. Now, for the copper ions that are traveling across the solutions, the journey would not be as easy. This is because, copper ions present the ideal opportunity for ascorbic acid molecules to give off their electrons and reduce the copper ions to copper metal. Therefore, in our system copper particles will be formed well before copper ions reach to the cathode.
Ascorbic acid, will not only function as a reducing agent but also as a capping agent. This means that when small copper particles are formed, ascorbic acid molecules will cap or surround the particle making it difficult for similar copper particles to come near to each other. This prevents the uncontrolled growth of the particles to micron sized dimensions.

January 28, 2016

Applications In Chemistry of Copper Nanowires

Copper nanowire, which can greatly reduce the potential display manufacturing cost of mobile phones, electronic readers and iPad, and can help scientists build foldable electronic products and improve the performance of solar cells, has entered the commercial stage of manufacture.

In an ingenious application of food chemistry more commonly associated with the searing of steak or baking of bread, scientists in Singapore have developed a green synthesis for well-defined copper nanowires (CuNWs).

Films made from silver or copper nanowires are promising candidates, exhibiting high conductivity and optical transparency in addition to being flexible. Food chemistry is a much talked about topic nowadays and an interesting field to venture into for young aspirants. The applications of food chemistry are ingenious and widespread. Interestingly many chemical compounds have a wide application in the field of food chemistry that scientists are never tired experimenting with different chemical compounds.

Scientists in Singapore have developed a green synthesis for well-defined Copper Nanowires. They are attractive as copper is 100 times cheaper than silver and 1000 times more abundant. Copper Nanowires can be synthesized in electric pressure cooker and they have a wide application in Conductive Networks. Copper Nanowires hold a great promise for the fabrication of low-cost transparent electrodes.

However, their current synthesis is mainly performed in aqueous media with poor nanowire dispersibility. We report herein the novel synthesis of ultralong single-crystalline Copper nanowires with excellent dispersibility, providing an excellent candidate material for high-performance transparent electrode fabrication.
Applications of Copper nanowires

Most printed electronics applications rely on some kind of ink formulated with conductive materials. Silver nanowires, due to their superior conductivity and intrinsic flexibility, have become a popular choice for fabricating the required flexible and stretchable electrodes.

The use of copper which is much cheaper and more abundant as an alternative electrode material to silver would dramatically reduce the cost of these nanowire materials. Despite these advantages, Copper Nanowires face a serious bottleneck for future practical use in flexible and stretchable optoelectronics, although they are nearly as conductive as silver, this conductivity is not stable.

Researchers have successfully shown how conductive Copper Nanowires elastomer fuses with superior performance stability even under conditions of stretching, twisting, oxidation and bending. These nanoproducts have made the applications of science very interesting and hold a major significance in day to day lives.

January 6, 2016

Synthesis of Copper Nanoparticles

Copper Oxide Nanoparticles have great interest because their optical, catalytic, mechanical and electrical properties. Copper is a noble metal such as Au and Ag a good alternative material, because it is highly conductive and than they is much more economical. Copper plays due to its excellent electrical conductivity plays an important role in electronic circuits. Copper nanoparticles are cheap and their properties can be controlled according to the synthetic method. Further, in the catalyst, the nanoparticle has a higher efficiency than the particles. Copper nanoparticles are synthesized by different techniques. The most important for the synthesis of copper nanoparticles are chemical methods such as chemical reduction, electrochemical techniques, photochemical reduction and thermal decomposition. Copper nanoparticles can be easily oxidized to form copper oxide. To avoid oxidation, these methods are usually carried out in a non-aqueous medium in low precursor concentration, and under an inert atmosphere (argon, nitrogen).

One of the most important methods for the synthesis of copper nanoparticles is the reduction chemical method. In this technique a copper salt is reduced by a reducing agent such as polyols, sodium borohydride, Hydrazine, Ascorbic acid, hypophosphite . In addition, it is used from capping agents such as Polyethylene glycol and poly (vinylpyrrolidone) . Some of the chemical reducing reactions can be carried out at room temperature. Salzemann et al used microemulsion method to synthesize nanoparticles of copper with size of 3-13 nm. Copper nanoparticles were produced by the polyol method in ambient atmosphere. The obtained nanoparticles were confirmed by XRD to be crystalline copper. SEM study shows that sizes of particles produced were 48±8 nm. Colloidal copper with particle sizes of 40–80 nm has been reported from reduction with sodium borohydride in aqueous solution at room temperature. The copper nanoparticles were stabilized by starch. In 2008, copper nanoparticles were synthesized by the reduction of Cu2+ in solutions of poly(acrylic acid)-pluronic blends results in a stable sol of metallic copper with a particle size below 10 nm. Reduction of copper ions by sodium borohydride in the presence of sodium polyacrylate was reported. Copper nanocrystals sizes were 14 nm. Chatterjee et al. presented a simple method for synthesis of metallic copper nanoparticles using Cucl2 as reducing agent and gelatin as stabilizer with a size of 50-60 nm.

Chemical reduction method is one of the micro-emulsion technology. Microemulsion containing at least three components, i.e. polar phase (typically water), non-polar phase (usually oil) and surfactant isotropic, macroscopically homogeneous and thermodynamically stable solution. Copper nanoparticle synthesis by reducing the non-ionic oil in water used to NaBH 4 (W / O) microemulsion of aqueous cupric chloride solution to achieve. Solanki and so on. Microemulsion reported synthesis of copper and copper sulfide nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed that nanoparticles of metallic copper present. In 2013, facile synthesis of copper and copper oxide nanoparticles size adjustable proposed by Kumar et al. They found that the reduction with hydrazine hydrate gives copper nanoparticles in an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, and under aerobic conditions the reaction of sodium borohydride, to give copper (II) oxide nanoparticles. In another study, the copper salt is dissolved in dioxane / -AOT solution and the hydrazine hydrate under vigorous stirring reduced. Nano colloid size of 70-80 nm.

December 22, 2015

Nanoparticles In Modern Life

Nano-materials with traditional materials do not have the bizarre or unusual physical and chemical properties, such as the original conductive copper to a nanometer limit is not conductive, the original insulation silica, crystal, etc., when in a nanoscale boundaries electrical conduction. This is due to nano-materials with small particle size, surface area, surface energy is high, a large proportion of surface atoms, etc., as well as its unique three effects: surface effect, small size effect and macroscopic quantum tunneling effect.

Nowadays, nanoparticles, one of the “building blocks” of nanotechnology are all around us and have been with us throughout our history. Electron micrograph of gold nanoparticles is a snap shot of tiny gold crystals that are 1/10,000th the diameter of a human hair. In every aspect of our day to day lives, from the size of our personal electronic devices to the way diagnose and treat cancer; all part of the promised nanotechnology revolution, nanoparticles may soon transform it. The very word “nanotechnology” seems to suggest something alien; something that belongs far in the future or in the realm of our favorite sci-fi movies.

Gold nanopowders were with us when human beings began making their first tools, and they are present in products we buy at the grocery store every day. They largely flew under the radar until electron microscopes become commonplace several decades ago, but now, the more we turn our microscopes on everyday objects, the more nanoparticles we seem to find.

Even the most seemingly mundane objects can give rise to nanoparticles; detecting them is simply a matter of being able to look closely enough to see them (no simple matter for such small materials). You could find nanoparticles in your jewelry box or the drawer with your family’s fanciest silverware.

I got to see this first hand while I was working in the Hutchison lab at the University of Oregon several years ago.1 Some of my colleagues were trying to understand why silver nanoparticles change size and shape so rapidly, even when they are just left in storage on the shelf. Because they saw such rapid changes in the size and shape of silver nanoparticles, they thought to look and see if large every day pieces of silver and copper (Sterling silver forks, earrings, and wires) might give off nanoparticles.2 To test this, they simply left the fork (or any of the other items) on an electron microscopy grid for several hours, then took the fork away, and had a peek at what it had left behind. Surprisingly, they found that the silver and copper items had left silver and copper nanoparticles behind all over the grid; a most elegant demonstration that human beings can come into contact with a variety of nanoparticles, even in our own homes. Forks and earrings are merely the tip of the iceberg, though. Wherever we go during our day-to-day routine we can encounter nanoparticles (both synthetic and natural).

Synthetic nanoparticles (sometimes called anthropogenic nanoparticles) fall into two general categories: “incidental” and “engineered” nanoparticles. Incidental nanoparticles are the byproducts of human activities, generally have poorly controlled sizes and shapes, and may be made of a hodge-podge of different elements. Many of the processes that generate incidental nanoparticles are common every day activities: running diesel engines, large-scale mining, and even starting a fire.

Engineered nanoparticles on the other hand, have been specifically designed and deliberately synthesized by human beings. Not surprisingly, they have very precisely controlled sizes, shapes, and compositions. They may even contain “layers” with different chemical compositions(e.g. a core made out of gold, covered in a shell of silica, and coated with specifically chosen antibodies). Although engineered nanoparticles get more sophisticated with each passing year, simple engineered nanoparticles can be created by relatively simple chemical reactions that have been within the scope of chemists and alchemists for many centuries. This means that long before people could “see” a nanoparticle through an electron microscope, human beings were both deliberately and accidentally generating a wide variety of these materials.

December 2, 2015

Use of Nano Technology

Nano diamond also can be used in medicine for cancer, gastrointestinal disorders, skin disorders. It is non-toxic, non-carcinogenic or change the nature of rust. Nanodiamonds are super active adsorbent and biologically active positioning agent, greatly enhancing drug effect.

The Korea Science and Technology together with the Korea University has made a research that uncovered the effects of the nano-particles in killing bacteria and germs. However, their research showed that the nano-silver particles have microbe particles that are known to damage plants and animal cells that have been exposed to these particles.

Right after the research done, an alarm was raised to many washer companies and one of them was the Samsung Electronics which has been very active in their promotion of the nano diamond powder Health System in washers and their air conditioners.

Gu Man-bok, professor in the bioscience department of Korea University stated that their evaluation of the effects of the silver nano-particles on different organisms as well as the environment is now on going. They further stated that the experiments the department has been doing on rice fishes have shown that the toxic on these organisms has been high in concentration.

Gu further stated that his laboratory has joined hand in hand with the Ministry of Environment to do a research about the silver nano-particles effect on different forms of life and this was considered as a delayed effort due to the fact that many consumers have already purchased washers with this technology and they have already been exposed to these kinds of products. Silver-nano cutlery, electronics, clothes, toys, baby bottles and the face masks are also now being sold in the market.

In lieu of these researches, the government of USA is planning to ban the selling of these products starting next year of evidence of safety is not provided. However, the government of South Korea stated that it was not in their plans to regulate such products.

According to Yoon Jun-won, a researcher of National Institute of Environmental Research said that it is too early to decide whether they are going to regulate certain products or not because as of this time, there aren’t proven bad effects that are coming from these products.

For long, silver has been known to have the antiseptic effect and because of this, many Greeks in the olden days had used silver vessels for drinking water storage. Koreans have also chosen silver to make their chopsticks.

Because of this fact about silver, the modern technology has also maximized the used of silver as antibiotic. Through small particles with bigger surface areas, the particles can react with other materials more actively that is why many companies have taken advantage of the use of sliver particles that measure one nanometer.

In order to know the effects of the size of particles in sterilizing, Gu together with his colleagues has used a bacterium which was genetically modified to alter the damage that was incurred. Amazingly, it was out that super-oxide radical commonly described as deleterious molecules were produced by silver nano-particles and these radicals were not produced from normal silver ions.

LG Electronics as well as Samsung created washers with the silver-nano particles technology because of its power to kill bacteria. In fact, silver nano particles really kill bacteria, however; many scientists are still not certain of the safety it gives to humans. Hwang Ee-taek said that the research field is still in the elementary stage.

Another author who was also a part of the research said that many researchers are starting to become careful and aware of the results of the silver-nano particles to humans simply because of the worries that companies concerned may give them. Accordingly, this issue is such a sensitive one especially for big companies like Samsung.

November 16, 2015

Current Nanoparticles Technology

Nanotechnology is an emerging high-tech in recent years. “Nano” mainly refers to the nanometer (one length unit of measurement equal to 1 / 1000,000,000 meters) near the material scale, which manifested in different areas and for special performance called “nanotechnology”, its specific definition see the term “nanotechnology.”Copper Oxide Nanoparticles is popular today.

What is nanotechnology? It refers to a field of applied science and technology whose theme is the control of matter on the atomic and molecular levels. It makes compounds very, very small. It is supposed to deliver more effective and faster results. It makes products lighter, stronger, cleaner, and less expensive. This technology has not been thoroughly tested and we don’t know how safe it is; especially on the delicate areas of the face. The FDA has not done much research. As yet, it seems not to have any adverse effects nor have any cases emerged. However, some experts wonder about the safety because when particles get very small, they tend to develop new chemical properties. Nanoparticles can slip through skin layers, and that means they can potentially interact with the immune system and bloodstream, and possibly become toxic and damage tissue.

I did not know anything about nanotechnology until I read an article by Forbes.com, “How to Become a Billionaire.” Pete Newcomb senior editor at Forbes was answering questions on how the rich become rich. He said that to become a billionaire you need to invest, take risks, think outside the box, have big ideas and a great capacity for creative thinking, love what you do, and also think of an idea we haven’t heard of yet. Two industries of interest he mentioned were nanotech and organics. Since I am in the beauty industry and have read about organic cosmetics and not nanotech, I began to do some research. Both of these are growing markets in cosmetics. Even though nanotech was new to me, it has been around for awhile. Nippon Keidaren (Japan Business Federation) is a comprehensive economic organization born in May 2002. They forecasted that nanotech in the domestic market will gross 27 trillion by year 2010. All of the major cosmetics companies like L’Oreal, Estee Lauder, and Shisedio have nanoparticles already in many of their products. A lot of this technology is used in the anti-aging products and in sunscreens.

All major cosmetics companies do test their products and there are laws that cosmetics companies have to follow to insure products are safe, but the FDA only investigates cosmetics if safety questions emerge after a product has been on the market. The testing of nanoparticles in cosmetics continues to be tested by the big cosmetic companies using the technology. For me, the jury is still out.

I’ve worked for several cosmetics companies and tried many of their products that have this technology and have had no issues. I am not a chemist or researcher. I am a makeup artist. One of the most important aspects of makeup is the skin. After reading and learning more about nanotechnology in cosmetics, it is a bit disturbing because it may be toxic. Cosmetic companies are making these products because they are less expensive to make, they have faster results and more benefits. The companies sell whole skin care systems because they specify that they work synergistically, and have more effective results. However, whole systems may be even more toxic to the consumer, if they contain nanoparticles. Are these companies taking enough precautions to prove these products are safe? Short term, it may reduce wrinkles and lift, but long term can it cause cancer or breakdown your immune system, or damage the tissue on your face? I have changed my philosophy regarding some of these products.

To live consciously with the universe, use products that are not used in animal testing, use products that are free of parabens. Even consider making some of your own products. Try organic or natural products. If the nanoparticle in the cosmetic product is a natural compound like green tea or grapeseed extract, it is probably of no harm. But be aware of chemicals. Cosmetics are full of chemicals do you want these chemicals to enter your bloodstream and be more harmful long term. As a consumer and promoter of skin care products, I encourage my clients to do self work and study to educate themselves, ask your dermatologist. Don’t take everything said by a sales person as complete fact. If they tell you a product is going to reduce wrinkles 20% , lift your sagging skin, or make your skin soft and supple; that may happen at the moment – short term, or while your using that product continually. It may be a quick fix, but that’s not what you want when you’re caring for one of the most important organs of your body, your skin, which has a major role in protecting and presenting you. Think seriously about what you’re putting on your face and read, read, read the labels of the cosmetics you’re using.

August 4, 2015

Comparisons of Mineral Makeup

Mineral foundations have increased in popularity over the years as people have been drawn to the idea that it’s more natural, therefore kinder to and more comfortable on your skin. Though many people think this just includes powder foundations, liquid formulas can be mineral foundation too.

They call them mineral make up. They call them pure. They say they have only “good things” in them. Is this true? And how do they compare in price? Let’s compare apples to apples. I’ve listed all the well know brands of mineral cosmetics, compared their ingredients, their cost, and their actual cost per gram. Although each company offers several products such as foundations, blushes, eye shadows, etc, I’ve chosen the most popular – foundations – as a basis of comparison. I’ve stacked them against Purely Cosmetics to see how each holds up against the other.

Any ingredient marked in bold contains a non-pure, non-earth mineral. Some even worse: parabens are preservatives that are thought to be linked to breast cancer and early aging of the skin. Bismuth oxychloride is a filler that is a by-product of lead and copper processing and is irritating to the skin.Copper Oxide Nanoparticles is good for you!

This is lengthy, but you’ll find some real eye openers. Your favorite mineral makeup is most likely listed here, as I’ve compared Bare Escentuals, Jane Iredale, GLO Minerals, Sheer Cover, Laura Mercier, Youngblood, PUR Minerals, L’Oreal, and Neutragena to Purely Cosmetics.

Note about micronized particles: The use of micronized titanium dioxide is controversial. Some research indicates that micro-size particles do stay on the surface of the skin and do not enter the bloodstream, while others question the long-term safety of using nanoparticles. Studies have shown that it is possible for micronized titanium dioxide particles to penetrate cells and eventually lead to DNA damage following sun exposure. Asthmatics and others with repiratory problems should be cautioned about using loose powders with micronized ingredients as they are easily airborne. Micronized particles are liked by some mineral makeup companies because they provide a smooth coverage and adhere easily. The smaller the particle, the more sheer and natural looking the application. On the flip side, micronized particles cannot provide medium to full coverage for those who need to cover life’s imperfections.

July 6, 2015

The Nanotechnology of Carbon Nanotubes

Multi walled carbon nanotubes can appear either in the form of a coaxial assembly of SWNT similar to a coaxial cable, or as a single sheet of graphite rolled into the shape of a scroll.The diameters of MWNT are typically in the range of 5 nm to 50 nm. The interlayer distance in MWNT is close to the distance between graphene layers in graphite.MWNT are easier to produce in high volume quantities than SWNT. However, the structure of MWNT is less well understood because of its greater complexity and variety. Regions of structural imperfection may diminish its desirable material properties.

The challenge in producing SWNT on a large scale as compared to MWNT is reflected in the prices of SWNT, which currently remain higher than MWNT.SWNT, however, have a performance of up to ten times better, and are outstanding for very specific applications.

Fullerenes and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are two closely related carbon materials. While fullerenes have bucky-ball structure, CNTs are stripes of graphite rolled up seamlessly into tubes (cylinders). The carbon atoms in a nanotube are arranged in hexagons, similarly to the arrangement of atoms in a sheet of graphite. The electronic properties are fully determined by its helicity (chirality) and diameter. They can have both metallic and semiconducting properties. The typical dimensions of a single wall CNT are: 1 nm in diameter and length of few micrometers. On the other hand, multi-walled CNTs can have diameters up to 100 nm. Recently, super long nanotubes with length of around 1 cm were successfully synthesized.

CNTs are produced by a variety of methods. The most common methods include chemical vapor deposition (CVD), electric arc-discharge, laser ablation of a carbon target, etc. Aligned (forest-like) nanotubes can also be synthesized. Aligned CNTs provide a well-defined structure for some applications. For example, high power density supercapacitors can be built using locally aligned nanotube electrodes.

CNTs play important role in the developing field of nanotechnology. Their excellent electronic transport properties make them good candidates for building blocks in nanoelectronics. The high aspect ratio of nanotubes is favorable in applications based on field emission, like flat panel displays and lamps. Furthermore, the strong mechanical properties and high thermal stability of CNTs improve the properties of matrix materials such as polymers or ceramics. Nanotubes have also been used as an alternative to currently used fillers (e.g. carbon black) to facilitate electrostatic dissipation by increasing the conductivity of polymers. Other studies have been directed towards improving the conductivity of already conducting polymers, thus resulting in a more conductive material.

As already mentioned, the properties of CNTs are fully determined by their exact atomic structure. Thus, in order to build a precise nanotube-based nanoelectronic device with well-defined properties, it is crucial to control the positioning and the atomic (electronic) structure (helicity) of nanotubes already in the growth phase. Some major hurdles still need to be overcome in this field. However, there are many applications where CNT networks are used instead of individual nanotubes. In these cases the properties of the whole nanotube network are determinative. These applications are very promising and a long line of nanotube-based materials and devices are already in the pipeline.

June 15, 2015

Do You Know Antibacterial Silver Nanoparticles?

The antimicrobial activity of Silver Nanoparticles Antimicrobial against E. coli was investigated as a model for Gram-negative bacteria. Bacteriological tests were performed in Luria–Bertani (LB) medium on solid agar plates and in liquid systems supplemented with different concentrations of nanosized silver particles. These particles were shown to be an effective bactericide. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) were used to study the biocidal action of this nanoscale material. The results confirmed that the treated E. coli cells were damaged, showing formation of “pits” in the cell wall of the bacteria, while the silver nanoparticles were found to accumulate in the bacterial membrane. A membrane with such a morphology exhibits a significant increase in permeability, resulting in death of the cell. These nontoxic nanomaterials, which can be prepared in a simple and cost-effective manner, may be suitable for the formulation of new types of bactericidal materials.

There are some bacteria that are not effectively killed by the conventional antibiotics including many strains of gram-negative bacteria. However the innovative world of science and the need of developing an effective way to cope with this situation has lead scientist to manage a new technology in this regard.

Rani Pattabi and her colleagues at Mangalore University, explains in the international journal of nanoparticles that an electron beam when blasted on a silver nitrate solution can generate nanoparticles.

These particles are shown to be effective against gram-negative species that are not affected by conventional antibacterial agents.

The researchers in India also pointed that these silver nanoparticles are effective against gram-positive bacteria, such as resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae and also effective for treating gram-negative Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.The problem that is threatening human health is resistance to the existing conventional antibiotics. Therefore the chemists all around the world are desperately trying to develop newer compounds that can easily be bactericidal for strains such as MRSA (methicillin or multiple-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) and E. coli O157.

Since the ancient times, silver has been renowned for its bactericidal activities.

Therefore a technological advancement in the use of silver means a major step forward and a promise for a wide range of applications of silver as anti bacterial agent in the times where antibiotic resistance is proving to be an obstacle for anti bacterial use. Thus the emergence of silver nanoparticles and other such bacteriostatic agents have become a new industrial revolution.

The experimentation involving the radiations to split the silver compounds to release silver ions that will clump together and form nanoparticles, have been taken as a challenge by the researchers. The target was in fact to get a new approach that avoids the need for costly and hazardous reducing agents and that these can be used to get particles of a controlled size that controls its properties as well.

So Pattabi and colleagues used electron beam technology to irradiate silver nitrate solutions in a biocompatible polymer that was polyvinyl alcohol, to form silver nanoparticles.

The Preliminary tests have shown that silver nanoparticles produced by this straightforward, non-toxic method are indeed highly active against S. aureus, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa.

Now we can imagine that our shoes, socks or even the keyboard we are using may be impregnated with silver nanoparticles that can kill some bacteria and might as well prevent the spread of infection among computer users.

These can be the frontline defenses such as these environmentally benign and cost-effective antibacterial compounds and these can prevent spreading the infections through contact with computer keyboard, phones and other devices.

April 27, 2015

How to Evaluate Nickel Alloys

When buying nickel Metal Alloy Nanoparticles it is important to keep a checklist, you should check what different traits are important. Considering the magnetic properties, oxidation and sulfuration resistance, held in extreme weather, the metal’s hardness and resistance to stripe rust quality. These characteristics are important, stainless steel or nickel alloy in the choice to see. Today I will focus on three kinds of quality, the most representative: mechanical properties, manufacturing and cleaning, and erosion resistance.

Mechanical Properties

Before putting in an order, talk to an expert about what diverse temperatures the nickel alloy of interest performs well in. You need the product to work effectively whether it is positioned in a room emitting extreme heat or one maintaining consistent, comfortable room temperature. The operation of the metal should not change. This is essential to your business operations. You cannot have machinery suddenly stop functioning due to a temperature change. A breakdown of equipment puts a dent into your earnings and causes you to cough up money towards repairs.

Fabrication and Cleaning

Fabricating metal refers to how a piece is cut, bent and is put together through welding, fasteners and adhesives producing a certain metal finish. The cleaning aspect relates to the fabrication process for it is dependent on the finish.

Different metal finishes result in a wide degree of cleaning ease. You need to test the one you want before buying. Find a piece with the look you desire and incorporates a cleaning degree you are comfortable with. Just remember, most high quality nickel alloys display a gleaming finish even when placed in a harsh environment while lower quality metals tarnish, fade and exhibit a lack of sparkle.

Erosion Resistance

Using a type of material that cracks, falls apart and rusts is a problem. These defects affect the entire success rate of a business that depends on stainless steel machinery. You cannot keep stopping and starting whenever something breaks down. Having a reliable, strong, erosion resistance material keeps your work moving along smoothly.

Investing in high quality materials can make the difference between your financial situation and peace of mind.The better the quality, the more you pay for the repair and replacement costs, downtime.This allows you to target time and allows you to run your business without additional grief and money.To understand more about the types of metal and how the poor performance of the people from the rest.