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Transparent flexible circuit based on silver nanowire conductive material

With the continuous development of technology, various transparent and flexible electronic devices have developed rapidly. However, compared with transparent flexible conductive materials, there are still many problems in the research of transparent flexible circuits. The research of many transparent flexible circuits only stays at the level of transparent substrate and opaque circuit. Recently, Professor Sun Jing of Dalian University has designed a transparent flexible circuit by using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as a flexible substrate and silver nanowires (AgNWs) as a conductive material, which overcomes the previous transparent flexible circuit part. The drawback of transparency is the realization of a truly transparent transparent circuit. The related research work was published in Chemical Communications and was selected as the bottom article of the 5418, Volume 39, issue of 2018.

The researchers first performed experiments on PDMS, using the spin coating technique to spread the AgNWs solution evenly on the hydrophilically modified PDMS surface. The transmittance and resistance of the transparent flexible conductive material reached 90.86% and 3.22 Ω·sq-1, respectively. It is at the leading level in the field of transparent flexible conductive materials.

The research team used the mature microfluidic control technology to create holes with various complex patterns on the transparent flexible substrate PDMS surface, and the precision can reach micron level; then AgNWs are spread into these holes to make them high at the same time. Electrical conductivity. The transparent flexible circuit thus prepared has a strong wear resistance due to the protection of the channel to the AgNWs.

The transparent flexible circuit not only has good optical and electrical properties, but also has good mechanical properties. They used LEDs and ordinary dry batteries to test their electrical conductivity. The results showed that the conductivity was good. After the 180-degree inward and outward bending, 720-degree distortion and tensile test of the circuit, the brightness of the LEDs remained basically unchanged. change. The researchers further explored the application of the transparent flexible circuit, deposited Pd nanoparticles on the AgNWs of the circuit by electrodeposition, and used it to detect glucose. The results show that the sensor has high sensitivity to glucose detection.

The originality of this research is to solve two problems in the preparation of transparent flexible circuits: (1) to achieve a completely transparent flexible circuit; (2) to design circuit patterns as desired. The transparent flexible electrode prepared by the research is simple in preparation, controllable in quality and excellent in technical indicators, which can greatly promote the development of wearable electronic devices.

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High Functional Nano White Graphite – Hexagonal Boron Nitride Nanoparticle

As one of the best heat conduction materials in ceramic materials, HBN has a structure similar to that of graphite. It has a hexagonal layer structure and is loose, lubricated, light and soft, with high processability and color. White is therefore also known as “white graphite.”
It is not only a good conductor of heat, but also a typical electrical insulator. It is an ideal high-frequency insulation, high-voltage insulation, high-temperature insulation material.

Boron nitride ceramics, composite ceramics, conductive ceramics, superhard materials, mold release lubricants, high temperature coatings, thermal conductive fillers.

1. High temperature lubricant
h-BN has excellent high-temperature lubricity. When used as a lubricant, it can be dispersed in heat-resistant grease, water or solvent. Sprayed on the friction surface, the solvent evaporates to form a dry mold, because h-BN and steel Stainless steel, aluminum, etc. are neither wet nor active, so it is often used in places resistant to molten metal corrosion, such as crucibles, boats, liquid financial pipes, etc.

2. Thermally conductive filler
BN has been widely used as a filler in thermally conductive composites to solve the problem of short-circuiting of high-resistivity materials required for thermal conductive materials to come into contact with electrical components in operation. The ultrasonically exfoliated two-dimensional boron nitride nanosheets and one-dimensional cellulose nanofibers were blended to prepare a composite with a thermal conductivity of up to 180 W/(m·K), which is the highest thermal conductivity

3. Boron nitride has a significant chemical inertness at high temperatures, allowing boron nitride(BN) coatings to protect materials such as aluminum, magnesium, zinc alloys from high temperature oxidation.
When the boron nitride coating is on a refractory material or a ceramic vessel, it can effectively protect its oxidation resistance even at a temperature of up to 1273K.

4. The ultra-high temperature mold release agent using solid lubricant boron nitride as raw material can maintain excellent lubricity and mold release property under extreme high temperature, so it is suitable for molding diamond tools, molding of high temperature hardening resin, and sintering of metal. Forming, pressing of aluminum frame, molding of glass, demoulding of die casting, etc..

5. High insulation and high thermal conductivity ceramic products
Boron nitride ceramics have good heat resistance, thermal stability, thermal conductivity, high temperature dielectric strength, and are ideal heat dissipation materials and high temperature insulation materials. Because of its good chemical stability, it is resistant to most of the molten metal. The hardness of the product is low (Mohs strength 2), so it can be machined with an accuracy of 1/100mm. It is commonly used in the manufacture of high-temperature containers for metallurgical melting, semiconductor heat-dissipating insulation parts, high-temperature bearings, thermowells, and glass forming dies.

6. Synthetic cubic boron nitride
C-BN is another common form of boron nitride, which is second only to diamonds in hardness and is also a theoretical low temperature stable phase. The use of h-BN in the participation of the catalyst, at high temperature (1800℃), high pressure (800 MPa) into a hard, such as diamond c-BN boron nitride, is currently one of the main methods of synthesizing boron nitride.

Related reading :Hexagonal Boron Nitride Nanoparticle  Hexagonal Boron Nitride

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Graphene helps prevent steel from rusting

An Indian-American researcher and his partner invented a new technology that uses graphene to prevent steel from rusting.

Iron and steel rust is a big problem in the automotive industry. Although there is paint coverage, it is easy to scratch, and the bumper is coated with chromium. This process involves the addition of toxic chemicals.

In order to solve this problem, SUBA Buffalo professor of chemistry Sarbajit Banerjee and doctoral student Robert Dennis developed a polymer composite containing graphene.

Graphene is a layer of carbon atoms, it has hydrophobicity and strong conductivity. These properties make the steel contact with water and also reduce the electrochemical reaction of iron oxides that rust iron.

The two researchers added this composite coating to a varnish, applied it to steel, and then immersed it in salt water. In a typical winter climate, the mixture of salt water and salt and snow is different and a car will encounter a car, so it is very effective as a very harsh environmental avatar.

Initially, varnished steel sheets could only last in salt water for several days. However, Banerjee and Dennis can keep varnish in this environment for a month by adjusting the concentration and dispersion of added graphene.

Banerjee said that he wanted to add something to the coating that detects the pH of the water in the vicinity of the scratches and reacts with the water in a manner that seals the crack.

Although this technology still has a long way to go for commercialization, some large companies in the steel industry are also interested in participating in this research, especially Tata Steel, which has provided funding for Banerjee’s experiments. The two scientists also received $50,000 in funding from the New York State Institute of Pollution Prevention.

In a news release, Banerjee stated that the paint can be produced using the existing equipment of the local steel plant.

Unlike hexavalent chromium, used to coat bumpers and some engines, graphene is non-toxic because it is only a carbon atom and does not require the use of strong acids. It is safe throughout the process. These reasons make graphene a magic material for future electronic components.

Related reading:Carbon Material Nanopowders  Carbon Nanomaterials

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Research Status and Application Progress of Polycrystalline Transparent Alumina Ceramics

Overview:

According to the definition of Japanese scholars, certain shapes of blanks, produced by using inorganic powders with a certain molding method, under a certain temperature, atmosphere, and pressure conditions, ceramics with a certain degree of transparency are sintered to be transparent ceramics. It is generally stipulated that in the case where the in-line transmittance is greater than 40%, it becomes a transparent ceramic, and some scholars also call it a translucent ceramic. Compared to the single-crystal transparent ceramics of the melting method, the sinterable transparent ceramics, due to its multi-element composition and influencing factors, have crystal structures that are composed of more than two kinds of crystals and polycrystals with irregular geometries, and are therefore called “polycrystals. Transparent ceramic.” Transparent ceramics made of high-purity alumina powder are generally polycrystalline and are called “polycrystalline transparent alumina ceramics”.

 

In 1957, some ceramics scientists from the United States, according to the principle of crystal transparency, using ceramic production methods, successfully prepared the first transparent alumina ceramic – “Lucalox”. Open up new application areas of ceramic materials, since then, the research and development of ceramic materials has entered a new stage, triggered the upsurge of research and application of transparent ceramics. With the deepening of the research and exploration of the ceramic material’s sintering aids, sintering process, crystal structure, light transmission mechanism, thermodynamic properties, and specific applications, the performance of transparent ceramics has come a long way. Nowadays, ceramic gold halides have been prepared. Transparent aluminum oxide ceramic discharge tube in the lamp, transparent zirconia ceramic lens, yttrium aluminum garnet laser transparent ceramic, magnesium aluminum spinel fairing, transparent ceramic armor, and so on.

 

First, the preparation method of polycrystalline transparent alumina ceramics

The preparation process of transparent ceramics is not much different from the preparation process of ordinary ceramics, but from the perspective of preparation technology, the preparation of transparent ceramics requires more rigorous technical means.

 

1 original powder

In the preparation of raw materials for transparent alumina ceramics, the original powder must meet the following requirements: (1) The powder has high purity and dispersibility, the purity must be higher than 99.9%; (2) the powder has good sintering Activity; (3) Powder particles have good dispersibility, can’t appear serious agglomeration phenomenon, uniform in size and can exhibit better spherical shape; powder particle size generally requires submicron or even nanometer grade, and should be α phase powder. When the original powder is self-made, α-Al 2 O 3 powder is usually prepared by pyrolysis using ammonium aluminum sulfate or ammonium aluminum carbonate.

 

2 Sintering additives

The role of the sintering aid is mainly to promote the liquid phase in the sintering process of the powder, thereby reducing the sintering temperature, inhibiting the abnormal growth of crystal particles, and shortening the diffusion path of the blowhole. When high-purity alumina powders are used to sinter transparent ceramics, a small amount of MgO (0.05-0.25wt%) is generally added as a sintering aid, which can effectively suppress abnormal grain growth.

 

3 transparent alumina ceramic sintering process

Similar to ordinary ceramics, the preparation process of the transparent ceramic material includes the synthesis of the precursor powder. In addition to the compaction molding, the heat treatment and post-processing (annealing, mechanical processing, and polishing) are included. However, the preparation process of transparent ceramics has its more stringent requirements, especially for powder synthesis and post-molding sintering processes. The sintering process of transparent alumina ceramics is generally the same as that of other ceramics, and mainly includes atmosphere and vacuum sintering, atmospheric pressure sintering, hot isostatic pressure sintering, spark plasma sintering and microwave rapid sintering, etc. Sintering in combination with hot isostatic pressing.

 

Second, the application of transparent alumina ceramics

Since the first research and preparation of transparent alumina ceramics by US doctor in the late 1950s, the research and application of transparent alumina ceramics have received extensive attention. Compared with glass, transparent alumina ceramics have higher strength, hardness and toughness, and its excellent surface abrasion resistance is also not comparable to glass; compared with single crystal materials, the preparation temperature of transparent alumina ceramics is more Low, shorter production cycle. It is precisely because of the properties of transparent alumina ceramics that it has become a research hotspot. It has been widely used in the fields of optics, special instrumentation, lighting, electronic technology, high-temperature technology, defense and military, and aerospace. application. For example, transparent aluminum oxide ceramics can be made into a light-emitting arc tube for use in high-pressure sodium lamps by utilizing light transmission, corrosion resistance, and high-temperature stability. With statistics, there are more than 70 million aluminum oxide arc tubes produced each year worldwide. In the 1990s, a Dutch company further developed the use of transparent alumina, which was used as an arc tube for metal halide lamps. The ceramic metal halide lamp exhibited good color rendering properties, high light efficiency, and long life. For more than half a century, the United States, Japan, Russia, France and other countries have made great progress in the study of transparent ceramics. In addition to preparing alumina ceramics with high light transmittance, many other transparent ceramics have been developed. The system includes oxide transparent ceramics and non-oxide transparent ceramics. As workers further explored and studied the raw material synthesis, sintering process, crystal structure, performance, light transmission mechanism, and application of transparent ceramic materials, as well as the development of science and technology, the practical application of the performance of transparent ceramics was proposed. More demanding requirements, a large number of more high-performance transparent ceramic materials came into being.

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Application of nano-powder in lubrication:

Nano tin(Sn), indium(In), bismuth(Bi) powder:
The melting points of tin, indium, bismuth and their alloys are all below 300 ° C. Many organic solvents have boiling points above this temperature and can be stable for a long time, so it is easy to find a suitable reaction medium. Tin, indium and antimony nanoparticles have attracted much attention in the field of friction due to their special physicochemical properties and small particle size. The use of nanoparticles as lubricant additives is a research hotspot in the field of lubrication. Studies have shown that nanoparticles have different lubrication properties than traditional organic lubricant additives due to their composition and structural characteristics. Specifically in the following three aspects:
(1) The nanoparticles are mostly spherical, and they may act like a “ball bearing” between the frictional faces, thereby effectively improving the tribological properties of the lubricating oil;
(2) Under heavy load and high temperature, the nanoparticles between the frictional faces may be flattened to form a sliding system, thereby reducing friction and wear;
(3) Nanoparticles can be filled in the pits and damage sites on the surface of the workpiece, making it possible to repair the surface of the friction surface in situ. Metal nanoparticle lubricants combined with the combination of the above three mechanisms of nanoparticles are considered to be the most likely to be a new generation of lubricant additives.

Nano Copper(Cu) powder:
The nano-copper powder in the nano-copper powder lubricating oil additive acts as a buffer on the surface of the friction workpiece during the circulation of the oil circuit, and the nano-copper powder has better high-temperature chemical stability with respect to the organic additive, and therefore, fundamentally It solves the problem of agglomeration and carbonization which may occur in lubricating oil at high temperatures. More importantly, the nano copper powder is fine and soft, and can be filled with friction defects at any time to play a self-repairing effect. The function of nano copper lubricant additive is mainly reflected in:
1. Reduce frictional resistance, improve engine effective power and extend engine life;
2. Eliminate damage to the engine from initial start-up and save fuel consumption;
3. Improve the efficiency of the lubricating oil and ensure the power output of the engine.
Technical indicators
Experimental studies have shown that the addition of 0.1% nano-copper powder lubricant additive to the lubricating oil can reduce the friction coefficient by 30%, the wear by 34%, the fuel economy by 5%, and the average fuel consumption by 3%.

Nano boron nitride powder:
Nano boron nitride powder has excellent lubricating properties at room temperature and good lubricity in high temperature environments. It is widely used in the field of high temperature solid lubricants.

Nano Graphite powder:
Nano graphite powder belongs to layered inorganic substances, and the addition of nano-graphite lubricating oil and grease has obvious improvement in lubrication performance, high-temperature resistance, wear resistance and wear-reducing performance.
Lubricating oil and grease are used in the industrial lubrication field. However, lubricating oil and grease will reduce the lubricating effect in high temperature and high pressure environment, and nano graphite powder will be added as lubricant additive to lubricating oil and grease production. Among them, nano-graphite powder can upgrade its lubricating performance and high temperature resistance. Nano-graphite powder is made of natural flake graphite powder with good lubricity as raw material, while nano-graphite powder has nanometer-scale grain size and volume effect. , quantum effect, surface and interface effects, after research, it shows that under the same conditions of scale crystal size, the smaller the particle size of graphite powder, the better the lubrication effect.
The use of nano-graphite powder in grease is better than that in lubricating oil. Nano-graphite powder can be made into nano-graphite solid lubricating dry film, which can be used on the rolling surface of heavy-duty bearings. The coating formed by nano-graphite powder can be effective. The ground is isolated from corrosive media while providing effective lubrication.

Nano Zirconium Dioxide(ZrO2) particle:
The zirconia particles having a particle diameter of less than 100 nm can effectively improve the antiwear and antifriction properties and load carrying capacity of the lubricating oil. The tribological mechanism of nano-zirconia is deposited on the friction surface to form a lubricating film with anti-wear and anti-friction effects. It should be noted that the amount of nano zirconia added has an optimum value, and the amount of addition is too large, and the tribological properties of the lubricating oil may decrease.

Nano Silica(SiO2) particle:
The surface of the nano-silica particles contains a large amount of hydroxyl groups and unsaturated residual bonds, which can form a strong chemical adsorption film on the surface of the friction pair, thereby protecting the metal friction surface and significantly improving the friction performance of the lubricating oil.
Some studies have found that the bearing capacity of lubricating oil is greatly improved after adding nano-SiO2. When the amount of addition is 1.5, the PB value is increased by nearly one time. At the same time, it was also found that SiO2 nanoparticles as excellent lubricant additives showed excellent anti-wear and anti-friction properties, and played a certain role in repairing the wear table.

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WC-Co-180408

Carbide alloy is the “tooh of industrial”, and nano WC-Co is widely used in machining cutting tools, oil and geological exploration and mining tools, precision molds and anti-wear products due to its high strength, hardness, abrasion resistance and oxidation resistance.

Application of WC-Co Nano composite Powder is based on Its Technological Characteristics.
The nano WC-Co powder is prepared by ultra-fine alloy than the traditional mixture. The WC phase of the prepared alloy is finer and more homogeneous, with better physical and mechanical properties and longer service life.

WC-Co is a very good bit material, smicro-drill bit made by sintering nano WC-Co applied for processing of printed circuit board has the lifetime 3-4 times of common carbide drill, and 50 times of stainless steel drill.

WC-Co nano composite powder can be used for anti-wear coating.
WC-Co composite powder is based on WC particles as the core, with cobalt as coating, cobalt content can be changed in the range of 8% -22%, the higher the cobalt content, spray coating strength and toughness on The higher the crack susceptibility is reduced, but the abrasion resistance also decreases. WC-Co has a high hardness and wear resistance, is the most important hard wear-resistant composite powder material. Nano WC-Co material particle size is too small, difficult to flow, easy to plug the spray barrel, and because of its surface activity, spraying process is easy to sintering, so WC-Co nano-powder used for spraying, the need to directly made it directly Thermal sprayed nano structured powders, this process also known as granulation. The nano-WC-Co powder is agglomerated into 15-50um micron-grade powder, which can be used directly for thermal spraying.
If you want use the nano-WC-Co directly thermal spray, reasonable process and a special material form is required, and select the supersonic flame spray plasma spraying is better.

With the increasingly mature powder technology, composite powder will be with
There is a broader application prospects, not only in the field of tool materials more
Large development, and will be in the field of thermal spray materials and wear-resistant structural materials and has great development and market room.

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Nano Silver Used for Conductive Ink

Nano-silver is the main component of conductive ink, its concentration is a very critical issue, because it relates to the ability to achieve good conductivity and whether the smooth printing. If the concentration of silver-containing ink is large, the use of this material for fine inkjet, its high concentration and low viscosity conditions with rapid precipitation trend. In the case of high concentrations and very small particles, the distance between the particles and the particles becomes very small, which makes it difficult to prevent the occurrence of agglomeration. The same weight of particles to form a diameter of 10nm suspended matter than the number of 1μm diameter of the formation of suspended solids to more than 1 million times. Therefore, at higher concentrations, the dispersion and stabilization of nano-silver particles is a key technology to make inkjet conductive ink become a mature product.
The adjustment of the diameter of the silver particles, the surface modification method and the ink formulation can improve the dispersion stability of the silver particles. The nano-silver particles may also be dispersed in ethanol so that it is compatible with diethylene glycol or with the ethylene glycol system to form an alcohol-based dispersion.

In general, silver particles less than 100 nm are called nanosized silver. When the diameter of the silver particles reaches this scale, increasing the relative proportions of the surface atoms with higher energy will cause a sudden change in the properties of the material. This change can be expressed as a change in sintering capacity characteristics or due to a change in the band gap Caused by changes in the electromagnetic properties caused by the electrical properties or optical properties of the huge changes in the screen, such as color and transparency changes. For nano-silver, the critical point of its performance change is related to the diameter of the particles. When the particle diameter is less than 50nm, the sintering performance at low temperature (less than 200 ℃) is obviously enhanced, and the melting point can be reduced to 120 ~ 200 ℃ The Inkjet conductive ink is the use of nano-silver particles low melting point of the characteristics of the development history, which can be plastic substrates, and even paper on the basis of printing and sintering process, excellent performance of the conductive layer. Inkjet conductive inks are mostly made of spherical nano silver.

Due to the presence of tiny particles, the inkjet ink is somewhat similar to the pigment type inkjet ink. Therefore, the solid particles in the ink must meet certain requirements: the maximum diameter of the silver particles should be less than 1/10 of the diameter of the nozzle to avoid bridging and blocking phenomena, taking into account the nozzle shape and the number of operations and other factors Founder, this ratio should actually smaller. At present, many companies inkjet conductive ink silver particle diameter is generally 20 ~ 50nm. This scale of silver particles, both with low melting characteristics, but also to meet the inkjet print on the size of the requirements of solid particles.

Related reading:buy silver nanoparticles   silver nanopowder

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Significant applications: Graphene is used to detect cancer cells for the first time!

Although graphene has not been widely used yet, but researches on it have never stopped.

Graphene is a planar film composed of carbon atoms in the hexagonal heterogeneous lattice of sp2 hybrid orbitals, and is a two-dimensional material with only one atomic layer thickness. Its conductivity, thermal conductivity, strength, stability are very strong, known as “the king of new materials”, may have a subversive impact on the entire industry.

Can graphene be used to detect cancer cells?
Researchers at the University of Illinois at Chicago have found that cells and graphene interact to distinguish active cancer cells from common cells by Raman imaging, which makes graphene promising for early detection of cancer. The study was published in the American Chemical Society “Applied Materials & Interfaces”.

What is the mechanism by which graphene can be used for cancer detection? “Graphene, the thinnest two-dimensional material known in the world today, is sensitive to changes in its surface,” says Vikas Berry, associate professor of chemistry at the University of Tokyo. “The interaction of graphene and cells leads to the distribution of charge in graphene rearrangement, changes the energy of atomic vibrations, such changes can be detected by Raman spectroscopy.As the cancer cells are more active, easily lead to a higher negative charge on the surface, which can distinguish whether there exist cancer cells.

The technology is still in the experimental stage of cancer mice. The results showed that the technology is very promising, and it will be further tested for patients with living tissue for testing. At the same time, the technology is also committed to distinguish between other types of normal cells and cancer cells. “Once the patient has a brain tumor, we can use this technique to see if the tumor recurs after surgery,” says Berry. “To do this, we need a sample of cells that can interact with graphene to see if cancer cells are still there.”

Earlier this year, Berry and his collaborators also studied nanoscale ripples in graphene, which showed different electrical conductivity in the vertical direction, which was useful for electronics.

With outstanding properties, such as large specific surface area, high conductivity and good flexibility, thinnest and strong strength, Graphene is supposed to make great contributions to human being in various aspects of life!

Related reading：Nano Graphene For Sale  Graphene Oxide Powder

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Nanowires

Definition: The nanowires can be defined as a one-dimensional structure with a limit of 100 nanometers in the transverse direction (longitudinally unrestricted). Suspended nanowires indicate that the nanowires are fixed under vacuum conditions. Typical aspect ratios of nanowires are above 1000, so they are often referred to as one-dimensional materials.

Physical properties of Nanowires:

1. Mechanical properties

Normally, as the size decreases, the nanowires will exhibit better mechanical properties than large pieces of material. Strength becomes stronger, toughness becomes better.

2. Conductive properties

With the significant changes in mechanical properties, the electrical properties of nanowires are also significantly different from those of bulk materials. The conductivity of nanowires is expected to be much smaller than that of bulk materials. The reason is that when the cross-sectional dimension of the nanowires is smaller than the average free path of the bulk material, the scattering effect of the carriers on the boundary will be highlighted. The resistivity will receive a serious effect of the boundary effect. The surface atoms of the nanowires are not sufficiently bonded to the atoms in the bulk material, and these surface atoms that are not sufficiently bonded are often the source of defects in the nanowires, so that electrons can not pass smoothly The nanowires have lower conductivity than body material.
The conductivity of nanowires is expected to be much smaller than that of bulk materials. This is mainly caused by the following reasons. First, when the line width is less than the free electrons of free radicals, the scattering of carriers on the boundary will appear. For example, the average free path of copper is 40 nm. For copper nanowires with a width less than 40 nm, the mean free path will be shortened to line width.
At the same time, because of the scale of the reasons, the nanowires will also reflect other special properties. In carbon nanotubes, the movement of electrons follows the principle of ballistic transport (which means that electrons are free to travel from one electrode to another). In the nanowires, the resistivity is severely affected by the boundary effect. These boundary effects come from the atoms on the surface of the nanowire, which are not fully bonded as those of those atoms in the bulk material. These atoms that are not bonded are usually the source of defects in the nanowires, making the nanowires’ conductive capacity lower than the bulk material. With the decrease of nanowire size, the number of surface atoms increases relative to the number of atoms, so the boundary effect is more obvious.
Further, the conductivity will undergo energy quantization. The nanowires are connected between the electrodes, and scientists can study the conductivity of nanowires. By measuring the conductance of the nanowires at the time of stretching, the scientists found that when the length of the nanowires was shortened, its conductivity was also reduced in the form of ladder, with a Langjian constant G between each order.

Application of Nanowires:

In the electronics, optoelectronics and nanoelectromechanical devices, nanowires may play a very important role. It can also be used as an additive in composites, in a quantum instrument, a field emitter, and a biomolecule nanosensor.

1. Manufacture of electronic equipment
Some early experiments have shown that nanowires can be used in next generation computing devices. In order to make effective electronic elements, the first important step is to chemically method the nanowire doping. This has been implemented on nanowires to produce P-type and N-type semiconductors. The next step is to find the way to make the most simple electronic device for PN junctions. This can be done in two ways. The first is a physical method: put a P-line into an N-line. The second method is chemical: mix different impurities along a line. The next step is to build a logic gate. By simply connecting several PN sections together, the researchers have created all the basic logic circuits: the AND, or the NAND gate can already be crossed by the nanowires. The nanowire crossover may be important for the future of digital computing.

2. Solar energy conversion
The nanowires are able to naturally gather sunlight into a very small area of ??the crystal, which is 15 times the intensity of ordinary light. Since the diameter of the nanowire crystal is smaller than the wavelength of the incident sunlight, the resonance of the interior of the nanowire crystal and the surrounding light intensity can be caused. The study found that the photon emitted by resonance is more concentrated (solar energy conversion is in the process of disseminating the photon), which helps to improve the conversion efficiency of solar energy, making the nanowire-based solar cell technology has been really improved.

3. Promote chemical reactions
Researchers built the nanometer “tree” electrode into the water, and then use the simulated sunlight to illuminate and measure the output of the electricity. The results show that this vertical branch structure can not only capture a lot of solar energy, but also to maximize the increase in hydrogen production. Because in the plane structure, the bubbles must be large enough to float the surface, and the vertical structure can quickly extract very small hydrogen bubbles. The researchers said that this vertical branch structure can provide a chemical surface reaction area of ??400,000 times higher than the surface area. Researchers also have more ambitious goals, their eyes staring at the artificial photosynthesis. In natural photosynthesis, plants not only absorb sunlight, but also absorb carbon dioxide and water, resulting in carbohydrates for their own growth. Researchers hope to one day be able to imitate this process, the use of nano “forest” to absorb the atmosphere of carbon dioxide.

4. Microcell manufacturing
Scientists have made an important step in the manufacture of microcells, and they have developed a microcell with a vertically aligned nickel-tin nanowire, which is evenly wrapped around a multi-cell called PMMA Body material, which is commonly known as plexiglass. The main role of PMMA is insulation, when the current through, it can protect the inside of the nanowires from the reverse electrode. This battery is shorter than the average lithium battery charging time, other performance is also more excellent.

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High quality silver nanowires,copper nanowires, ZnO nanowires, SiC nanowires, precious metals nanowires with multi specification are available. As for olutions, it would be customized.

Related reading:Metal Nanowires Suppliers  Silver Nanowires

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Application of nano zinc oxide in major industries

1 semiconductor industry

Zinc oxide is by far the hardest one in Group II-VI semiconductor materials, which means that zinc oxide can prevent the proliferation of other II-VI materials that are defective in their application to light emitting devices;

Zinc oxide as a UV detector has a very low dark current, the maximum response wavelength up to 350 nm;

Zinc oxide materials are transparent in the 0.4-2 μm wavelength range and have piezoelectric, optoelectronic and other effects, thus providing electrical, optical and acoustic devices such as light sources, detectors, modulators, optical waveguides, filters, and related circuitry Such as the possibility of monolithic integration. So has aroused the interest of many researchers.

2 rubber, plastic industry

Nanometer zinc oxide is the rubber industry’s most effective active agent and vulcanization accelerator. Nanometer zinc oxide powder has large specific surface area, small particles, good dispersibility, loose and porous, good fluidity and other physical and chemical characteristics. Therefore, it has good affinity with rubber, easy dispersion when melting, low heat generation of rubber compound, Broken deformation is small, good elasticity, improve the material properties and physical properties of the process for the manufacture of high-speed wear-resistant rubber products. Such as aircraft tires, limousine radial tires, with anti-aging, anti-friction ignition, long life and other advantages, substantially improve the rubber finish, mechanical strength, temperature and aging resistance, especially wear resistance.

In addition, zinc oxide as a rubber vulcanization system complete with additives, the higher the amount of filling, usually about 5 parts, due to large proportion of zinc oxide, a large amount of filling, the density of the rubber compound is very large, the Product life and energy consumption are negative, and the use of nano-zinc oxide, the amount of grade zinc oxide is only 30% -50%, reducing the production costs of enterprises, and in the tensile properties, heat, aging, etc. Are far better than ordinary zinc oxide.

Zinc oxide for the plastics industry, with the polymer material composite, with a strong bond between the substrate material, not only can improve the rigidity and hardness of the material, but also enhance the toughening effect. Due to the nano-ZnO shielding UV properties, the application of these materials can also improve the UV resistance.

3 ceramic industry

The extremely small particle size, large specific surface area and high chemical property of nano zinc oxide can significantly reduce the sintering density of the material, save energy, densify and homogenize the composition and structure of the ceramic material, improve the performance of the ceramic material, Improve the reliability of its use, can control the composition and structure of the material from the structural level of the nano-material, which is conducive to giving full play to the potential performance of the ceramic material,

In addition, since the size of the ceramic material determines the microstructure and macroscopic properties of the ceramic material, if the powder particles are uniformly packed, the sintering shrinkage and the crystal grains grow uniformly, the smaller the particles, the smaller the defects, The higher the strength of the prepared material, the more likely it is that some large particles do not have the unique properties.

4 cosmetics industry

In order to avoid excessive ultraviolet radiation on human skin damage, people have developed a variety of sunscreen skin care products. Early use of sunscreen skin care products more salicylic acid, amino acid, cinnamic acid, benzophenone and other organic UV inhibitors. The advantages of organic UV anti-UV sunscreen is high efficiency, but the sunscreen does not last long and stimulate the shortcomings of the skin.

In recent years, we have developed nano-zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, kaolin, talc and other inorganic anti-UV agent. Nano-zinc oxide UV absorption ability, UVA and UVB have a good shielding effect.

As an inorganic anti-UV agent, nano zinc oxide is non-toxic, odorless, non-irritating, non-decomposing, non-degenerating and has good thermal stability. Its safety is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and can be used as a sunscreen, makeup foundation and Lipstick and other raw materials.

5 catalyst industry

Due to its small size, large specific surface area and different bonding state between the surface and the particles, the nano-sized zinc oxide increases the contact surface and improves the catalytic efficiency. It is the first choice for chemical production enterprises to prepare chemical catalysts and desulfurization agents. Compared with ordinary oxidation Compared with zinc, zinc oxide has a larger specific surface area, and the number of atoms on the surface increases. As a result, more active catalytic sites are exposed, and the resulting catalysts are more active.

Nanometer zinc oxide used as desulfurizer is petroleum refining, ammonia, methanol, organic synthesis and chemical fiber and other industrial raw materials gas (oil) purifier, in addition can also be used as briquette, coking and flue gas desulfurization process.

Nano-ZnO for the removal of SO2 gas also has a good effect. Nano zinc oxide desulfurizer with wide temperature range, high purification, long life B sulfur C high capacity and other characteristics, the desulfurization reaction, the gas content of hydrogen sulfide can reach below 23%.

6 other fields

With the deepening of people’s understanding of the performance of nano zinc oxide, the scope of the application of nano-zinc oxide is constantly expanding, for example, the use of nano-zinc oxide in traditional coating technology can further improve the protective coating, making it UV-resistant Irradiation, resistance to atmospheric damage and degradation, discoloration and other functions;

The nano zinc oxide to a certain percentage added to the propionic acid coating, the system can be made with excellent antibacterial antibacterial nano-coating. Nanometer zinc oxide is very sensitive to the external environment (such as temperature, light, moisture, etc.), small changes in the external environment will quickly lead to changes in their surface ionic and electronic motion, which immediately led to significant changes in resistance. Using the sensitive nature of nano-ZnO, high-sensitivity gas alarms and hygrometers are produced.

To make a summary, nano-ZnO has become a new type of high-performance fine inorganic powder products for the 21st century. At present, researchers at home and abroad have developed various methods to prepare various forms of nano-zinc oxide products. Studies on nano-ZnO have been made A great progress has been made, but there are still some shortcomings in the preparation methods such as high cost, complex process and difficulty in industrialization.

In addition, the research on the structure and the application properties of nano ZnO has not been further studied. Therefore, the follow-up research focuses on the development of a simple, efficient and easy-to-manufacture method. The effect of the material structure on its optical, electrical, magnetic and acoustic performances is further studied. Applied technology research, with a view to give full play to the nano-size effect of materials in end products such as high-energy solar cells, photoreceivers, gas sensors and biosensors. With the improvement of nanometer zinc oxide production process, nanometer oxide industry application will enter a stage of rapid development.

Related reading：antibacterial agent zinc oxide  nano zinc oxide powders