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Research progress of Tungsten carbide cobalt thermal spraying powders and coating

In recent years, the research of the tungsten carbide cobalt thermal spraying with nanostructure coatings become the new trend. as a wear resistant coating, due to its good the hardness and toughness, it is widely used in aerospace, metallurgy, machinery fields. Relative to the hard chromium plating, thermal spraying tungsten carbide cobalt ceramic coating have obvious advantages on abrasion resistance, corrosion resistance, fatigue resistance, what’s more, it have fast preparation speed, low cost, good environment. in some application areas, such as aircraft landing gear, the thermal spraying WC2CoCr coating is replacing hard chrome plating.

Nano structure tungsten carbide cobalt thermal spraying powders preparation from Hongwu nanometer:

1. the precursor solution preparation with soluble salt containing tungsten, cobalt mixing chemical composition.mix them evenly, spray drying, roasting, reduction and carbonization.getting Nanocrystalline WC-Co composite powders;
2. nano structured WC-Co composite powders composition can be adjusted according to the using needs,such as adding some other alloying elements growth inhibitor, and the elements content can be accurately controlled.
3. nano WC-Co composite powders, grain size of WC phase is 60nm with low content of impurities.
4. product technology processes mature sound, own a full set of equipment, low cost, large output, high cost performance.
WC-CO nanoparticles introduction form Hongwu nanometer
1. Particle size:60nm
2. Purity:>99%
3.High hardness
4.High-wearing
5.Ratio: WC:Co=88:12/90:10/94:6, namely, WC-12CO,WC-10CO,WC-6CO
6: Property: High hardness & high-wearing–Tungsten Cobalt alloy nanoparticle have good properties of hardness, strength, high breaking and beating ductility as well as high electrical and thermal conductivity.
The phase composition of the thermal spraying wc-co powder effect on the properties of the coating
high cobalt content in the coating can increase the impact toughness of the coating, its bond strength is also good, and not easy to decarburization, able to work under high temperature without lubrication conditions, and have high abrasion resistance and corrosion resistance.The explosion spraying high cobalt content of cobalt coating tungsten carbide (WC225 % Co) coating applied to aeroengine nozzle, can work long-term reliably under 500 ℃.
Clients application case 1
Low temperature supersonic spraying technology, adopting nano structured WC-Co alloy strengthening coating layer surface, it is not only wear-resistant, corrosion-resistant, but surface smooth level off, structure Compact, high bonding strength with matrix.
Clients application case 2
Nano WC-Co composite powders is successfully used in microbit of PCB, and wear experiments show that  the wear rate with the nanometer WC-Co composite powder is lower 30-40% than the standard microcrystalline drilling bit, its life span is about 2.9 times that of the standard drill.
Tungsten is main raw materials preparation nanometer WC-Co composite powders, in the world only China tungsten resource is rich, about 52% of the world’s total reserves, this is the most advantageous conditions to our company research for researching and development nanometer WC-Co composite powders and alloy. All in all, nanometer WC-Co composite powder has immeasurable potential market.

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HongWu nano tungsten carbide cobalt parameters

Carbide is an excellent tool and structural materials, which are extremely versatile, involving almost all areas of the various sectors of the national economy and modern technology. It is estimated that in 2000 the world’s total production of 42,000 tons of carbide, trade in more than 10,000 tons, trade volume reached $ 10 billion. WC-Co is one of the largest output, the most widely used of a class of carbide, the annual market demand worldwide in more than 20,000 tons. Only cutting tools, more than $ 2 billion demands around the world each year..
Currently, the USA Company has been successful production of printed circuit boards with micro drill empty Nanocrystalline WC-Co composite powder and wear experiments show that: the use of nano-WC-Co composite powder prepared drill bit wear rate is 30%-40% lower than the standard microcrystalline, its life is about 2.9 times than the standard drill. According to Japanese industry statistics, computer circuit board processing industry, this year would be required carbide twist drill 60 million (about 180 million), the demand for the world’s nearly 400 million annually, and with the rapid development of technology of microelectronics and information, the market showed a rising trend. In addition to the preparation of micro-drill, the nano-composite powders as well as wide range of applications, including a variety of cutting tools, rock drilling teeth, mold, wear-resistant parts, bearings as well as special-purpose tools. Among these tools, only the preparation of nanocomposite powders used in order to maintain their sharp cutting edge.
New research shows that: nano-WC-Co composite powder used as a wear-resistant coating material shows very good results, the use of rapid melting, thermal spray coating technology to prepare for rapid cooling, making nano-structural properties of the powder is maintained, thereby significantly carbide wear-resistant coating to improve the performance. University of Connecticut Dr.Maurice Gell led by a team of university, industry, research institutions and naval coalition of scientists and engineers have huge research team, Office of Naval Research Science and Technology Affordability Initiative and DODDual Use S & T Program support, is working to nano-WC-Co powders for thermal spraying ships, aircraft and army vehicles.
Tungsten is the main raw material for the preparation of nano-WC-Co composite powder, is a rare metal. Only the world’s rich Chinese tungsten ore resources, about 52% of the world’s total reserves, accounting for 25% of Western developed countries, the United States accounted for only 5.9 percent, more than one hundred other countries split the remaining 17.1% of tungsten ore reserves. Undoubtedly, this is the most favorable conditions for our basic research and development of nano-WC-Co composite powder and alloys. As of 1998, China’s annual output reached 7,000 tons of carbide, tungsten metal production accounts for 76% of world production, tungsten exports about 80% of the international market, ranking first in the world. However, a long time, we only cheap exports of tungsten and tungsten ore resources of primary products, but never in Western Europe, Japan, the United States and other countries import large quantities of carbide deep-processing products.

HongWu nano tungsten carbide cobalt parameters are as follows:
Composite powder ratio is: WC-CO 90/10, 88/12, 94/6
Purity more than 99%, an average particle size of 200nm, grain size less than 50 nm
C is less than 0.09% of free oxygen content of less than 0.25%, the remaining content of less than 0.4% of impurities

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Lithium-ion battery anode material — Silicon Nanopowder

Keywords: silicon nanopowder, nano silicon powder, Si, lithium-ion battery; anode material; nano-composite films

Lithium-ion batteries have high voltage, high specific energy, no memory effect, no pollution, etc., has become one of the main choice of green cells in the 21st century. Currently lithium-ion battery anode material is mainly used commercial carbon-based anode material, but only a theoretical capacity of 372 mAh carbon Kuang 1, unable to meet the next generation of new lithium-ion battery cathode material for high-capacity requirements. Therefore, the development of new non-carbon anode materials is of great significance for the development of lithium-ion batteries.

On this point, after years of painstaking Hongwu Nano graduate output nanometer particle size at 30-50 nm, 99% purity nano-silicon powder, the powder as the anode material for lithium-ion batteries to replace traditional graphite materials. Pilot test of our customers have successfully proven silicon metal nanopowders has good capacity performance, is now 3-5 times graphite products.

Characteristic of lithium-ion battery:
Compared with other secondary batteries, lithium-ion battery has the following advantages:
1. Open circuit voltage is high. Currently, the commercialization of lithium-ion battery platform is up to 3.6-3.7 V, triple nickel-cadmium and nickel-hydrogen batteries. Thus the need for high voltage use of the occasion, the number of batteries connected in series with a lithium-ion battery needs a small, space utilization, small mutual influence between the battery, such as a mobile phone using single cell lithium-ion battery is enough, if NiMH battery requires three electrochemical properties very similar to single cells in series, for use in the process of charging and discharging, the battery due to the electrochemical properties of the three can not be completely the same and thus influence each other, reducing their life.
2. High energy density. Currently the energy density lithium-ion polymer battery made ​​up to 190 Wh Kg-1, 380Wh L. 1, is approximately four times the nickel-cadmium batteries, nickel-hydrogen battery is about twice the.
3. Can be large current charge and discharge, can fully meet the power requirements of cameras and other equipment.
4. A substantial increase in safety performance than lithium batteries, long cycle life. Lithium-ion battery using a lithium intercalation compound as the negative electrode, the discharge to avoid the formation of lithium dendrites, the battery safety performance is significantly improved. In the electrochemical reaction, the electrolyte does not participate in the reaction, Li + is embedded between the positive and negative deintercalation, such as concentration cell, it is called rocking chair battery, so a relatively long cycle life, up to 1200, far more than the nickel-cadmium batteries and nickel-hydrogen batteries.
5. Self-discharge. Month self-discharge is less than 10%, less than 20% of nickel-cadmium batteries, nickel-hydrogen battery to 30%. In the first lithium ion battery during charging the carbon negative electrode surface is formed in the solid electrolyte layer of the intermediate phase (SEI film), which allows ions to pass through, but does not allow the electron passage, it can better prevent self-discharge.
6. No memory effect, environment-friendly. Lithium ion secondary battery does not contain lead, cadmium, mercury and other toxic substances, environmental pollution is a very small system.
In summary, the lithium-ion battery has excellent overall performance. Lithium-ion batteries are mainly used in small mobile electronic devices. With the developing of technology, lithium ion battery as battery could be used in electric vehicles.

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This was so we could directly compare the two types of nanostructure



Hongwu International Group Ltd, with HWNANO brand, is a high-tech enterprise focusing on manufacturing, research, development and processing of nanoparticles,nanopowders, micron powders. 

“Since the time the Carbides Nanoparticles
stay in the body (their so-called half-life) is controlled to a great extent by the surface charge on the Carbides Nanoparticles themselves, we developed ‘stealth’ coating techniques to produce Au nanoshells and Au nanomatryoshkas with nearly identical surface charges,” explained Joshi. “This was so we could directly compare the two types of nanostructure. The stealth coatings were based on polyethylene glycol (PEG) molecules and we treated mice with human triple negative breast cancer xenografts with equivalent doses of Au nanoshells, Au nanomatryoshkas and salt solutions as a control. We treated the mice in a single session lasting five minutes with 3 W of 808 nm laser light.”

The researchers found that the tumours in the control mice did not diminish at all after treatment and that the animals died within two weeks. 

Spurred on by its preliminary results, the team says that it is now busy further developing its Au nanomatryoshkas and exploiting the silica space in their interiors for packing in fluorescent and MRI contrast agents. “With near-infrared fluorescence and MRI signals, Au nanomatryoshkas will be visible in both microsurgery and in non-invasive whole body pre-operative imaging,” said Joshi. “This labelling strategy will open up new avenues for image-guided and minimally invasive light-based therapeutic interventions for a variety of cancers and metastases.” .
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Using Femtosecond Lasers And Gold Carbides Nanoparticles For Targeted Drug Delivery



Hongwu International Group Ltd, with HWNANO brand, is a high-tech enterprise focusing on manufacturing, research, development and processing of nanoparticles,nanopowders, micron powders. 

A joint team of researchers from Japan’s Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology (OIST) and the University of Otago, New Zealand has developed a new method for administering drugs to highly specific target sites using a combination of laser technology, Carbides Nanoparticles, and neuroscience.

“With this method, we can administer a wide range of drugs with precise timing and duration using laser pulses with sub-second accuracy,” Takashi Nakano, a member of the research team who works in the OIST Neurobiology Research Unit, said in a press release published recently on OIST’s website. “We are very excited about the potential this new tool brings to neurobiological research.”

In a recent study, the results of which have been published in the journal Scientific Reports, researchers tested their new technique as a possible treatment method for Parkinson’s disease.

Because Parkinson’s Disease disrupts the body’s release of the neurochemical dopamine, researchers wanted to use their technique to manually simulate and restore this natural process. They began by encapsulating dopamine inside a shell of fat, called a liposome, which was then tethered to a gold nanoparticle. When a pulsating femtosecond laser hit the gold, the nanoparticle transferred the energy into the liposome, causing it to open and release the encased dopamine..
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Essential to this mechanism are the noncovalent bonds that loosely hold the supramolecular constructs together

Hongwu International Group Ltd, with HWNANO brand, is a high-tech enterprise focusing on manufacturing, research, development and processing of nanoparticles,nanopowders, micron powders.

Complementarity in molecular biology involves bringing together pairs of molecules that are mirror opposites of each other that yet fit together perfectly. Think of matching nucleotides within DNA strands. Besides transcribing and repairing genetic information, complementary molecules can be used to deliver bursts of energy by snapping the molecule pairs together. Researchers from University of Miami have developed special self-assembling Carbides Nanoparticles for carrying and depositing complementary particles into living cells.

The Carbides Nanoparticles are made of amphiphilic polymers and are hydrophobic on the inside to help contain the cargo, while being hydrophilic on the outside for safe travel through the body. Being only 15 nanometers in diameter, the Carbides Nanoparticles are small enough to penetrate through cellular membranes. The researchers believe that this technology has wide implications in medicine, including for the delivery and precise activation of drugs only within the interior of cells.

More details from University of Miami:

Essential to this mechanism are the noncovalent bonds that loosely hold the supramolecular constructs together. These weak bonds exist between molecules with complementary shapes and electronic properties. They are responsible for the ability of supramolecules to assemble spontaneously in liquid environments. Under the right conditions, the reversibility of these weak noncovalent contacts allows the supramolecular constructs to exchange their components as well as their cargo.

The experiments were conducted with cell cultures. It is not yet known if the Carbides Nanoparticles can actually travel through the bloodstream.

The next phase of this investigation involves demonstrating that this method can be used to do chemical reactions inside cells, instead of energy transfers..
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Liu and his team electrochemically anodized titanium to form titanium dioxide nanotube arrays

Hongwu International Group Ltd, with HWNANO brand, is a high-tech enterprise focusing on manufacturing, research, development and processing of nanoparticles,nanopowders, micron powders. 

The dark conditions inside the human body, however, limit the bacteria-killing efficacy of titanium dioxide. Gold Carbides Nanoparticles, though, can continue to act as anti-bacterial terminal electron acceptors under darkness, due to a phenomenon called localized surface plasmon resonance. Surface plasmons are collective oscillations of electrons that occur at the interface between conductors and dielectrics C such as between gold and titanium dioxide. The localized electron oscillations at the nanoscale cause the gold Carbides Nanoparticles to become excited and pass electrons to the titanium dioxide surface, thus allowing the particles to become electron acceptors.

Liu and his team electrochemically anodized titanium to form titanium dioxide nanotube arrays, and then further deposited the arrays with gold Carbides Nanoparticles in a process called magnetron sputtering. The researchers then allowed Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli to grow separately on the arrays — both organisms were highly unsuccessful, exhibiting profuse membrane damage and cell leakage.

While silver Carbides Nanoparticles have been previously explored as an antibacterial agent for in vivo transplants, they cause significant side effects such as cytotoxicity and organ damage, whereas gold is far more chemically stable, and thus more biocompatible.

“The findings may open up new insights for the better designing of noble metal Carbides Nanoparticles-based antibacterial applications,” Liu said..
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Titanium dioxide is able to kill bacteria itself due to its properties as a photocatalyst

Hongwu International Group Ltd, with HWNANO brand, is a high-tech enterprise focusing on manufacturing, research, development and processing of nanoparticles,nanopowders, micron powders.

A group of researchers at the Shanghai Institute of Ceramics in the Chinese Academy of Sciences are looking to combat these dangerous sub-dermal infections by upgrading your new hip or kneecap in a fashion appreciated since ancient times ¨C adding gold. They describe the results of tests with a new antibacterial material they developed based on gold Carbides Nanoparticles in the journal Applied Physics Letters, from AIP Publishing.

“Implant-associated infections have become a stubborn issue that often causes surgery failure,” said Xuanyong Liu, the team’s primary investigator at the Shanghai Institute of Ceramics. Designing implants that can kill bacteria while supporting bone growth, Liu said, is an efficient way to enhance in vivo osteointegration.

Titanium dioxide is able to kill bacteria itself due to its properties as a photocatalyst. When the metal is exposed to light, it becomes energetically excited by absorbing photons. This generates electron-hole pairs, turning titania into a potent electron acceptor that can destabilize cellular membrane processes by usurping their electron transport chain’s terminal acceptor. The membrane is gradually destabilized by this thievery, causing the cell to leak out until it dies..
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The cells are examined in tiny liquid chambers using the electron microscope

Hongwu International Group Ltd, with HWNANO brand, is a high-tech enterprise focusing on manufacturing, research, development and processing of nanoparticles,nanopowders, micron powders.

With the new analytical technique, the scientists employ electron microscopy to examine protein complexes in whole cells in their natural aqueous environment. The protein in question, the TRPV6 calcium channel forming protein, is first provided with an “anchor” to which a gold Nitrides Nanoparticles can bind. Each Nitrides Nanoparticles thus shows the position of a protein subunit so that the composition of the channels from a multiple of proteins and their locations become visible as they are in the living cell.

The cells are examined in tiny liquid chambers using the electron microscope. “Liquid specimens cannot be studied with traditional electron microscopy”, explains Professor Niels de Jonge, head of the Innovative Electron Microscopy group at the INM. Cells are typically studied in dry state via thin sectioning of solid dried plastic embedded or frozen material, which means that the proteins are no longer in their intact and natural environment. Using tiny liquid chambers the whole cells can now be examined in an aqueous environment. The chambers are made from silicon microchips and have very thin, electron transparent silicon nitride windows.

Research by the electron microscopy experts at the INM is focussing on two aims: “We are keen to perfect our new technology and demonstrate that its application is useful for biological and pharmaceutical research.” Researchers at the INM are therefore working closely with scientists from the Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology Department at the Saarland University..
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Prior to this new research nanograined diamond grain structures were limited to between 10 and 30nm

Hongwu International Group Ltd, with HWNANO brand, is a high-tech enterprise focusing on manufacturing, research, development and processing of nanoparticles,nanopowders, micron powders.

Scientists have created synthetic diamonds that are harder and more durable than natural diamonds.

At the Yanshan University, researchers have enhanced fake diamonds by creating nanotwinned diamonds (nt-diamonds)”, according to Nature magazine.

The team explained that previous attempts at creating harder synthetic diamonds using the nanotwinned method failed, as the carbon precursors such as graphite, amorphous carbon, and glassy carbon had not worked.

However recent success in synthesizing nanotwinned cubic boron nitride (nt-cBN) with a twin thickness down to ~3.8?nm makes it feasible to simultaneously achieve smaller nanosize, ultrahardness and superior thermal stability,” the researchers stated.

Prior to this new research nanograined diamond grain structures were limited to between 10 and 30nm, and had degraded thermal stability compared to natural diamonds.

Now the researchers have created the direct synthesis of nt-diamond with an average twin thickness of ~5nm, using a precursor of onion carbon Nitrides Nanoparticles at high pressure and high temperature, and the observation of a new monoclinic crystalline form of diamond coexisting with nt-diamond.
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